Description of the Film Separation by Asghar Farhadi Assignment - 1

Depiction of the Film Separation by Asghar Farhadi - Assignment Example This gives the premise to the contention inside the film. The characters in the film are authentic and have been grown successfully to portray the setting and subjects of the story. The maker figures out how to utilize a blend of guiltlessness, disposition, shrewdness, and naivety among the characters to draw out the story. Inside the contention among Nader and Simin, the chief figures out how to get an alternate point of view by presenting the guiltlessness of their little girl Termeh. The appointed authorities of the family court are introduced through the story as astute and judicious. This is apparent from the two cases including the separation documented by the warring family. In the main occasion, they repelled the cases of Simin by demanding that the entanglements were deficient. Be that as it may, they at last warrant the separation subsequent to investigating the circumstance and the beyond reconciliation contrasts. The maker holds off Nader’s temper until where he bubbled over. Imagery has been utilized in the motion pictures to extraordinary impact. The title of the motion pictures, A Separation, is the primary image utilized all through the film. The partition that was proposed to be away from Tehran in the end transforms into one among Simin and Nader as the story closes. Different occasions of division inside the film incorporate Razieh isolating from the conventions so as to have the option to accommodate her family. Terhem is at first isolated from her mom afterward by her dad. Different components of division inside the story incorporate Nader father’s passing and the premature delivery. The division, which was unveiled toward the start of the story in the separation case, was likewise an outcome of another endeavor to isolate from the earth in Teheran. There is a variety of interesting topics that are introduced in the film A Separation. Social division is the significant subject that is investigated in the film. The divisions inside the film have been executed utilizing recognitions around religion, occupation, sex, and age.â â

Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Research Proposal Example This exploration will be founded on the Psychological Theories of medication misuse. Inside this hypothetical system, support and individual hypotheses will be investigated to set up that drives understudies into drugs. The examination will follow the exploratory plan and will be founded on blended technique. Information will be gathered from understudies and instructors utilizing both organized and unstructured polls. Meetings will likewise be booked with key sources. The specialist accepts that examination discoveries will make significant commitments to the current writing that joins substance maltreatment to poor scholarly execution. Watchwords: substance misuse and scholarly execution The Correlation between Cigarette Smoking and High School Achievement Substance use among young people has at last entered the unchartered region where it is not, at this point conceivable to overlook its effects. The expanding predominance of young people mishandling drugs in the United States has become a significant general medical problem. Ensuing fixation and loss of efficiency among sedate clients have especially inspired extraordinary enthusiasm for substance misuse. The significance of substance maltreatment in scholarly talks originates from the relationship between's substance misuse and scholastic execution. Hence, substance use and misuse are central issues that scholarly pundits must address with direness. Companion pressure has been refered to as the regular helpers for young people to participate in drugs (Thorlindsson and Vilhjalmsson, 1991). Most young people feel compelled to take liquor/drugs at get-together so as to fit in with social gatherings. All things considered, a few youngsters use drugs and different substances as a methods for managing their misery. In a similar vein, different adolescents may utilize medications to beat individual confinements, for example, low confidence or timidity (Morin et al., 2011). The principal loss of substance use and misuse is intellectual capacity. Debilitated insight constrains the exhibition limit of substance clients (Thorlindsson and Vilhjalmsson, 1991). It is against this background the proposed look into purposes to build up how cigarette smoking among secondary school understudies influences their generally speaking, scholastic execution. Importance of the Research Education has for quite some time been proclaimed as a methods for social portability. As needs be, defenders of scholarly accomplishments interface instruction fulfillment to an effective future. In any case, the activity showcase has gotten extremely serious in the 21st century than at any other time. This infers understudies who neglect to accomplish high evaluations have no possibility of contending well in the activity showcase. Inside such a unique situation, scholarly accomplishment beat the motivation for some conversations inside government and scholastic circles. By examining the relationship between's cigarette smok ing and secondary school accomplishment, the proposed look into underscores the job that instruction plays in self-improvement. The exploration will, right off the bat, set up the connection between cigarette smoking and secondary school accomplishment. Besides, the exploration will distinguish the pervasiveness of cigarette smoking among secondary school understudies and the elements that add to this predominance. Thirdly, the exploration targets building up the impacts of cigarette smoking on secondary school stude

The Open Sea The Centrality of Ambiguity in Kate Chopins The Awakening - Literature Essay Samples

Leonce Pontellier, the husband of Edna Pontellier in Kate Chopins The Awakening, becomes very perturbed when his wife, in the period of a few months, suddenly drops all of her responsibilities. After she admits that she has let things go, he angrily asks, on account of what? Edna is unable to provide a definite answer, and says, Oh! I dont know. Let me along; you bother me (108). The uncertainty she expresses springs out of the ambiguous nature of the transformation she has undergone. It is easy to read Ednas transformation in strictly negative terms‹as a move away from the repressive expectations of her husband and society‹or in strictly positive terms‹as a move toward the love and sensuality she finds at the summer beach resort of Grand Isle. While both of these moves exist in Ednas story, to focus on one aspect closes the reader off to the ambiguity that seems at the very center of Ednas awakening. Edna cannot define the nature of her awakening to her husband b ecause it is not a single edged discovery; she comes to understand both what is not in her current situation and what is another situation. Furthermore, the sensuality that she has been awakened to is itself not merely the male or female sexuality she has been accustomed to before, but rather the sensuality that comes in the fusion of male and female. The most prominent symbol of the book‹the ocean that she finally gives herself up to‹embodies not one aspect of her awakening, but rather the multitude of contradictory meanings that she discovers. Only once the ambiguity of this central symbol is understood can we read the ending of the novel as a culmination and extension of the themes in the novel, and the novel regains a coherence missing in a single edged interpretation of Ednas awakening. A number of feminist critics focus on the entrapment Edna feels in her marital situation. Edna realizes that she had all her life long been accustomed to harbor thoughts and emotion s which never voiced themselves. They had never taken the form of struggles (96). In the novel the struggle begins and it is against the demands of her husband and children. As she walks into the ocean at the end of the novel to escape her life she thinks, they need not have thought that they could possess her, body and soul (176). Emily Toth claims, an escape from confinement is the overriding theme of The Awakening (242). The primary means for this emotional confinement is the societal expectation, held over from the early Republican era of America, that the best way of a married woman to carry her points is to yield sometimes.' Jan Lewis says that in early America it was the wife who had to bend (712). This remained true at the middle of the century when William Alcott declared the balance of concession devolves on the wife. Whether the husband concede or not, she must (32). Edna comes to understand that earlier in her life she followed this dictate without even thinking ; she conceded in all cases, not with any sense of submission or obedience to his compelling wishes, but unthinkingly, as we walk, move, sit, stand or go through the daily treadmill of the life which has been portioned out to us (78). But she now realizes that this pattern was a mere treadmill whose path was always determined by someone else. The female treadmill of late 19th century bourgeois culture is shaped by more than mere expectation of submission. One of the main aspects of 19th century American marriage, according to Hendrick Hartog, was coverture, whereby a womans public identity was altered by her marriage: coverture gave wives not an absence of identity but, rather, a particular recognized identity, one that sometime gave them certain privileges (127). Edna finds these privileges in the thoughtful packages, jewelry, and furniture that her husband sends home. But these gifts come at the cost of an expected identity to which Edna must subscribe. This identity has it s attendant duties that are explicated in Thorstein Veblens description of the leisure class in the late 19th century. In the leisure class, such as the Creole culture Edna lives in, conspicuous leisure and consumption are necessary gauges of a familys success, and the duties of vicarious leisure and consumption devolve upon the wife alone (81). Edna realizes and rejects her participation in this system when she abandons her reception day on Tuesday afternoon‹an emblem of prominently practiced leisure‹with a vengeance. Her husband confirms that these hours are not important in themselves, but rather as part of the economic framework of the New Orleans society. He angrily tells her, weve got to observe les convenances if we ever expect to get on and keep up with the procession (101). Edna realizes at some point that the institution of marital expectations is itself inviolable. It is like the diamond in her wedding ring which she stamped upon violently, only to find th at her small boot heel did not make an indenture, not a mark upon the little glittering circlet (103). The institution is an adornment carefully cut by someone other than the wearer, an adornment that has little value except pride for the wearer. She understands that stamping upon the ring was a futile expedient (109) that accomplished nothing. Rather than trying to dent the system, she removes herself from it. As Edna rejects her position within this system the narrator says, she was becoming herself and daily casting aside that fictitious self (108). For Edna, this fictitious self does not spring from the specific conditions of her relationship, but rather from the logos of the leisure class. She visits Madame Ratignolle and sees the domestic harmony that reigns in their household through a earnest and happy involvement of both husband and wife in the relationship. But even in this scene of conjugal bliss Edna sees an appalling and hopeless ennui (107). Edna has made an es cape from confinement as Toth explained, and because she rejects not just the specific, but the general condition of her confinement, Edna becomes a model of feminine liberation. Missing from the discussion so far is any mention of the conditions that engender this awareness of confinement. This is because any discussion that focuses on confinement only considers the negative aspect of Ednas quest. In becoming herself Edna does not merely shed old layers, she also discovers new, or at least previously repressed layers. As she contemplates abandoning her old world she says, the fruit vender, the flowers growing there under eyes, were all part and parcel of an alien world which had suddenly become antagonistic. This antagonism, it is suggested a few moments later, comes because she was thinking of Robert. She was still under the spell of her infatuation . . . the thought of him was like an obsession, ever pressing itself upon her (104). The presence of Robert is the emblem of t he positive thing toward which she is moving‹an awakening of her sensual side. And the presence of Robert immediately throws into confusion the true nature of Ednas rebellion against her confinement. The narrator says that the absence of the beloved makes even flowers seem antagonistic. The use of the blameless flower here directs the reader to interpret all of Ednas antagonism, not as stemming from anything inherent in the antagonistic object, person, of system itself, but rather in Ednas subjective understanding of them while under the sway of her obsession. At this moment we are delicately directed to see Ednas rebellion as a mere manifestation of her sexual obsession. This understanding of Edna, Priscilla Allen claims, fills the male written criticism about Edna Pontellier: Eros rules all‹on this there is general agreement among modern critics (226). This reading of Edna evinces the way as female she must be dehumanized. It is universal in our culture that she be designed solely to fit biologic functions, to be sex-partner [if she is not to be] mother (229). With Allens direction we might see that this depreciation of Ednas rebellion is too simplistic, not the least of all, because Edna says that she has always had an antagonism towards certain treatment she received at the hands of her husband (as she did not always have an antagonism toward flowers). After one scene where her husband abandons her to take care of the matters in the house we learn that she was somewhat familiar with such scenes. They had often made her very unhappy (102). Edna does not create the problems she finds in her marriage and motherhood. She says that she has always had the inward life which questions, and now she is simply giving that life an outward voice (57). But we cannot say that her love for Robert is irrelevant in drawing this voice out. As we come to understand Ednas awakening, then, Chopin does not direct us to read her awakening as purely an outg rowth of her oppressive conditions, or purely a result of the positive element she finds in Robert‹instead ambiguity is prominent as we begin to consider Ednas quest. But to define the positive element‹the sensuality heretofore ascribed to Robert‹as strictly an element of her relationship with Robert, is again a simplification of matters. The core elements of Ednas movement toward awareness are pointed to in the structure of the first five chapters‹and in these chapters both the ambiguity of the positive/negative nature of Ednas awakening we have pointed out, and the ambiguity of the sensual awakening she has is underscored. The first chapter of the book is the only one in the novel where Mr. Pontellier is the narrative focalizer. The world is seen through his economic eyes, wherein Sunday is the day there are no market reports due to the lack of newspaper. Mr. Pontelliers eyes immediately turn to Edna, and we see Edna and her adventures from his view; her laughi ng is explained as some utter nonsense; some adventure out there in the water (45). Edna is understood as a narrative product of her husband, and this commodification of Edna is made explicit when Mr. Pontellier is said to look at his wife as one looks at a valuable piece of personal property (44). This commodification of the wife is what Veblen speaks of when explaining the vicarious acts of leisure consumption that devolve to the woman. The first chapter presents this male view of Edna because this is the framework in which both she and others have understood her up to this point. At a later point we learn that she had always possessed some inward questioning, but even she admits that before her transformation, she had never realized the reserve of her own character (61). This first chapter narratively represents Ednas pre-transformed position, as a vicarious actor for her husband‹something that he can view and enjoy and use to his economic benefit. By the fifth chapter the transformation has begun, as the narrator says that Edna was becoming aware of a certain light that was beginning to dawn dimly within her‹the light, which, showing the way, forbids it (57). There is something new that is powerful, and off limits to the male view. The source and cause of this light is not singularly defined as the three chapters that separate the opening, male-centered view of Edna, and the new inward view of Edna, do not discuss one, but three separate interactions. In the second chapter Edna converses with Robert, and enjoys his company. No sudden desire springs up in Edna, but we are first made aware of his presence as more frequent and pleasurable than that of Ednas husband. In the third chapter, she suddenly becomes annoyed with her husband when he demands that she check the health of their son. By her own admission she suddenly becomes bothered by demands that had not bothered her before: they never seemed before to have weighed much (49). These two themes have already been discussed for the role they play in Ednas transformation, but in the fourth chapter a new element is introduced when we are introduced to Adele Ratignolle. In her description she is described in overtly sensual terms, as no other character is in their initial introduction: one would not have wanted her white neck a mite less full or her beautiful arms more slender. Never were hands more exquisite than hers (51). A few moments later this relationship enters the more overtly sensual realm when Adele takes the liberty of laying her hand over that of Mrs. Pontellier, which was near her. Seeing that the hand was not withdrawn she clasped it firmly and warmly. She even stroked it a little, fondly. In this moment Edna comes into contact with a feminine sensuality she was not used to: the action was at first a little confusing to Edna, but she soon lent herself readily to the Creoles gentle caress (61). This feminine sensuality cut off from any male pre sence continues through the book in her interaction with Adele and with Mademoiselle Reisz, in whose piano playing the very passions themselves were aroused within her soul, swaying it, lashing it, as the waves daily beat upon her splendid body (72). This presence of feminine sexuality makes it difficult to say that Ednas sexual awakening is merely a result of Robert.Something happens in these intermediate chapters that brings Edna, for the first time, to feel a light beginning to dawn dimly within her. For the first time she hears the voice of the sea which speaks to her soul of its touch, a touch that is sensuous, enfolding the body in its soft, close embrace (57). This foreshadows the most evident awakening that comes a few days later, when Edna suddenly finds within herself the ability to swim, and intoxicated with her newly conquered power, she swam out alone (73). Barbara Solomon says that at this moment Edna finds a new life, and the waters had awakened it (xxvi). But i ts vital to see that the water is not the source of her awakening. She first becomes aware of the waters symbolic sensual power only after she has had the light awakened in her by the elements expressed in the first four chapters. When Edna does take her epic swim, during which she determines to swim far out, where no woman had swum before (73), it is tempting to understand it purely as a result of the sensual awakening provided by Mademoiselle Reiszs piano playing that occurred immediately before the group headed to the beach. We are even encouraged to do so by the description of Ednas response to the playing, which includes a reference to sense of waves beating upon her splendid body. But there are two other vital elements that condition this swim. One is the fact that Robert proposed the late night swim, and then directed the crowd to the ocean. It is on the walk to the sea that Edna feels the first longing for Robert, as she wondered why he did not join [her] on the walk d own (72). The second is that in this swim, she swims away from the shore, where her husband stands.The water then is not the awakening agent, and furthermore, it cannot be read as the symbolic outgrowth of merely one of Ednas multiple realizations: the self pleasure she finds in Mademoiselle Reiszs piano playing, or the gratification she finds in time with Robert, or the defiance she is developing toward her husband. Instead the sea becomes the ideal symbol for the ambiguous confluence of these factors. The ocean is both forceful and receptive, thereby embodying the dominant traditional notions of both male and female sexuality. The symbolic power of the ocean is elucidated by the other dominant symbol that is omnipresent during this early awakening: the young lovers. They can be referred to as a single symbol because they are never distinguished as individuals, or even as male and female. Their description as the young lovers suggests that they be read as a fusion of the sexes . And attendant to the young lovers is always the lady in black, who spends her existence fingering her rosary beads or praying. Her constant proximity to the fusion of sexuality represent the figure of orthodox theology that is attendant in every such situation, not letting the couple ever fuse too intimately. She is a parallel manifestation to the church on Cheniere Caminada, which immediately causes in Edna a feeling of oppression and drowsiness (82). The woman represents the traditional societal strictures that both the lovers, and Edna, in her own fused sexual discover, seem to be perpetually fleeing. Her awareness of the ocean as both a force of life and death during her first swim represents a symbolic awakening to the confluence of repression and sexuality, and of both feminine and masculine sexuality. Immediately afterward Edna breathlessly says, a thousand emotions have swept through me to-night. I dont comprehend half of them (75). This should not merely be read as her response to the swim, it should be read as her response to the transformation she has undergone in the preceding days. A few moments later, when the narrator describes her new condition there is a similar effort at ambiguity: she was seeing with different eyes and making the acquaintance of new conditions in herself that colored and changed her environment (88). The narrator carefully avoids attaching these new eyes to any specific conditions. The image of the ocean and the lovers stands as the most powerful directive from Chopin to avoid understanding the awakening of the title, that is embodied in the swim, as an awakening into a single aspect of freedom or oppression, but rather as an awakening into the multitude. Describing both Ednas first contact with the sea, and the first light that dawns within her, the narrator explains that, the beginning of things, of a world especially, is necessarily vague, tangled, chaotic, and exceedingly disturbing (57). After her swim E dna enters into a struggle with each of the issues apparent before her swim. As has already been discussed, she begins to reject her duties to her husband and children and instead spends time in her atelier practicing her drawing. She moves out of the house in which she was merely a piece of furniture, and establishes an independent home. At the beginning of the novel, Madame Ratignolle tells Robert that Edna is not sexually liberated like the other members of the society at Grand Isle, but by the end she is carrying on trysts with Alcee Arobin, and surrendering almost daily to the sensuality of Madame Reiszs piano playing. But in each of these struggles she realizes a futility to her actions. She understands that, as Dr. Mandelet tells her husband, her rejection of her wifely duties is interpreted as a disease, that might even be hereditary (118). In addition, her quest for independence is impossible without reliance upon the funds of her husband‹she is acutely aware of the bills her husband will get for the dinner saying goodbye to her life with him. Her economic situation makes true independence impossible. Sexually, she discovers that, as Hartog explains, the basic ideological task of the law of marriage in the 19th century was to make sure that the married and the nonmarried were clearly divided from one another (94). This binary system allows for no true relationships in between, like the one she wants with Robert. It is because of the stark lines of marriage that Robert leaves her forever even though they both clearly love each other. The failure of both her sexual and intellectual quests for independence lead to her final, apparently suicidal swim.When we read the ocean as a symbol of the confluence of factors, rather than as a symbol of one of Ednas discoveries, this ending gains a deeper coherence with the struggle that fills the rest of the novel. Essentially the final venture into the ocean capsulates and extends this struggle. It is vital that as she wades out she does not merely surrender, or collapse to the water. Instead she swims and struggles until her exhaustion was pressing upon and overpower her (176). She relies on her own power to carry her as far as she can, into the awakening she has found, and does not worry if where she ends up is the middle of the ocean, or a place of ambiguity beyond interpretation (where the reader seems to be). Edna does not surrender to the sea; she struggles as long as possible, and seems satisfied merely with the struggle. Works CitedAlcott, William. The Young Wife, or Duties of Woman in the Marriage Relation. Boston: George Light, 1837. Allen, Priscilla. Old Critics and New: The Treatment of Chopins The Awakening. In The Authority of Experience: Essays in Feminist Criticism, ed. Arlyn Diamond and Lee R. Edwards. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1977, 224-238.Chopin, Kate. The Awakening. London: Penguin, 1986.Hartog, Hendrick. Man and Wife in America. Ca mbridge: Harvard UP, 2000.Lewis, Jan. The Republican Wife: Virtue and Seduction in the Early Republic. The William and Mary Quarterly. 44 (1987), 689-722.Sullivan, Barbara. Introduction to The Awakening. In The Awakening, ed. Barbara Sullivan. New York: Signet, 1976.Toth, Emily. Kate Chopins The Awakening as Feminist Criticism. Louisiana Studies, 15 (1976), 241-251.Veblen, Thorstein. The Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Modern Library, 1899.

Franklin D. Roosevelt The Thirty- Second President of...

Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32 president of the United States of America. His life began on January 30th of the year 1882 in Hyde Park, New York. Family was not so big. He had both of his parents. His parents were Sara Delano and James Roosevelt. Roosevelt did have only one sibling he was a half-brother named James Roosevelt. His mother passed away when he was 59 and his father passed away when he was 18. Roosevelt was home schooled until 1896 by the school Groton School in Massachusetts. He attended at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. He received a B.A. in History. He worked towards for a degree of law in History Columbia Law School, but he didn’t earn it because of dropped out. Marriage and children did happen in his†¦show more content†¦That was one of the reasons why America felt much respect for him. He was afraid of his Deals but he had said â€Å"If it fails, admit it frankly and try another. But above all, try something† - Franklin D. Roosevelt President Roosevelt came in as a Democratic. He was the only president to serve for 12 years and four terms. He was the leader of the Democratic Party. He always choose his congress and he choose those who would agree with his plans. Roosevelt did not just have one vice president. He in fact had three presidents, Henry A. Wallace, John Nance Garner, Harry S. Truman. One became president for a short time period after his dead. FDR was diagnosed in 1921 by a horrible disease poliomyelitis. This disease affected very much in his presidency at the end of the terms. At the end of his presidency he became cripple and was put in a wheel chair. He did not show the press himself in his wheelchair, he would be standing up with leg braces holding him up or when he was a vehicle he was never shown getting off in public. President Roosevelt did not get to have a life after presidency but he did enjoy it and have lots stress during the War World 2. 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Should Marijuana Be Legal - 2853 Words

INTRODUCTION Cannabis-focused media has recently been on the rise as a result of its recent legalization in several States in the United States. The legalization has attributed to the creation of a high demand for cannabis related news. The primary characteristics that have been linked to marijuana making the headlines of the news is its ability to generate revenue for the States and the media that is set to handle all the marijuana advertisements. The promise to help the media recover from its loss of revenue as a result of cigarette ad ban has seen the media stand firm on its decision to support the legalization. The effort of the media publicizing the legalization of marijuana has so far succeeded. The recent rise of marijuana media†¦show more content†¦It aims at supporting the evidence that the media’s role in the legalization of marijuana has been paramount. It also seeks to investigate and apparently conclude the economic impact of the media’s intervention in the legalization situation as a way of recovering from the tobacco advertisement ban. LITERATURE REVIEW In 1970, the President of the United States Richard Nixon, signed legislation that officially banned cigarette advertisements on both television and radio (Washington Post, 1971; History of Tobacco Regulation). Since then, the media has suffered a decrease in the total income from drug ads. Media channels have been seeking an opportunity to bounce back to their booming drug ad business since 1970, and the recent legalization of marijuana presented an opportunity to reclaim the lost revenue glory. With that in mind, the media has been on the forefront fighting for the legalization of marijuana, and the effort has paid off. The media actively advocated the coming legalization of marijuana in the States that recently took the initiative of making marijuana for recreation legal. The move by the States of Colorado and Washington made the headlines of the news in most media channels in the United States. For instance, The New York Times led the media channels that received the legalization news as a victory on their side. The New York Times central idea was a

Culture of Haiti free essay sample

The Culture of Haiti Carrie St. Jean Axia College of University of Phoenix What does the average American really know about the country, Haiti? Is the lifestyle all black magic, spells, and seances? Is this media portrayal of Voodoo the only way of life and what is Voodoo, any way? These questions come to mind when someone wants to know the truth about Haitian culture and life in Haiti. Haitian culture consists of deep rooted religious beliefs, music, and Haitian cuisine. First and foremost, voodoo is not just black magic, spells, and voodoo dolls that everyone associates with what has been portrayed in the movies and television shows. For example, the movie Serpent and the Rainbow, directed by Wes Craven (1988), is a horror movie that depicts voodoo as an evil practice that turned people into zombies. The premise of this movie was a doctor who goes to Haiti to investigate the rumors of a drug used with black magic that left people in total paralysis, yet conscious. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture of Haiti or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most Americans in fact believe that all Haitians are part of this media portrayed version of this Haitian religion. The media has glorified and exaggerated this minor part of the Voodoo religion. Yes, those Haitian individuals who actively believe in the Voodoo religion do believe in some types of black magic and unfortunately the spells and voodoo dolls, but not all Haitians practice religion this way. In actuality, voodoo means spirit in African tradition. Haitians believe in only one God and other categories of spiritual beings. Haiti is also primarily a Catholic religion but the natives’ daily life still revolves around spirit religion. Many Haitians believe in spirits and other beings but his does not always mean ouija boards, seances, or ceremonies of raising the dead. This is the way Haitians live their lives and value the word of God. Other aspects to Haiti that most people do not realize about Haitian life are the music and cuisine. As for music, Haiti’s varied cultural background shaped the history of music. The different styles of music combine Spanish, French, American, and African influences. Voudou is one of the first types of music adopted by Haitians from Africa. Voudou is considered sacred and spiritual folklore. Mizik Rasin, mini jazz, and Haitian rap are a few different types of music that most people are not aware of. Mizik Rasin is considered roots music and actually evolved in the late 1980’s after the overthrow of Baby Doc Duvalier (1999). This music is believed to heal and honor the spirits. Mini jazz mixes French and American styles and Haitian rap is basically embraced by the Haitian youth to express views on violence, politics, and social matters. Rara is the type of music that is not really considered mainstream. This is the music of celebration and was also used back in the days of slavery. There are many other types of music that exist in Haiti and have all be created or shaped by other worldly influences. Haitian music has gone through many stages and with the availability of the Internet, Haitian music is spreading globally; With the possibilities of the internet, more people will be able to experience the wonderful sounds of many styles of Haitian music. Part of the music in Haiti also includes dance. Music and dance are a major part of Haitian life from birth through death. The Haitian tradition of dance begins with the christening of a child, as the people of Haiti view dance as a celebration of life. Dance also signifies important stages of a person’s life There are many different styles of dance but the most commonly known, throughout the county, are used to send the dead on their way to the afterlife. Parigol is the dance to let the spirits take control of the body. Parigol â€Å"is a graceful and subtle dance where the human body becomes a horse for the spirit to ride† (2004). Another dance, called Banda, calls the Gede spirits. These are the spirits of for the circle of life and death. This dance is not only decadent, but erotic. These dances are actually derived from the Voodoo religion and most Haitians living in the United States are not too familiar, as they did not grow up in Haiti. Most Haitian-Americans are Catholic and do not practice the Voodoo religion. Another important tradition in Haiti, beyond religion and music, is food. Haitian cuisine is actually kreyol or creole cuisine. Food has always been an important aspect of Haitian life, but is actually used to signify certain events in Haitian history and considered a cultural treasure. For example, Haitian soup, or pumpkin soup, is a dish that celebrates Haitian independence. This soup of â€Å"freedom† is called Joumou and is consumed by all Haitian households, in Haiti, on January 1st, every year. This is Haiti’s Independence Day. The soup mainly consists of beef, chicken, squash, spinach, sweet potatoes, and other leafy greens. The interesting fact about this dish is the fact that no pumpkin is used to make the soup. Specific Haitian recipes have been passed along from generation to generation and when a person mentions one Haitian dish, most likely everyone will know exactly what the dish is and how it tastes. Rice, beans, beef, pork, goat, and plantain are prominent throughout most Haitian cuisine. Griots, pronounced gree-yoo, is one of the most popular, flavorful dishes among Haitians. Many Haitians will serve this dish at family gatherings, as this is another cuisine of celebration. Griots is fried, glazed pork and because the Kreyol language of Haiti was not written until about fifteen years ago, Griots is also spelled as grillots, griyo, and griyot. The reason for the different spellings is that Haitian Kreyol was not a written language until about ten years ago. More popular foods used in Haitian cuisine are rice, beans, plantain, fish, and fruit. Bananes pesees or banan peze is a favorite among Haitians. This entree is green plantain that is fried twice. Banan Peze is not just a Haitian favorite but popular in Puerto Rico, as well. Puerto Ricans call the dish tostones. Plantain is just one of the many foods that are a staple to Haitian cuisine. Now that many Haitians have immigrated to the United States, Americans can actually taste the fine cuisine of Haiti and visit a Haitian restaurant or if you get the chance, select Haiti the next time a vacation opportunity arises and experience all the different positive, cultural experiences Haiti has to offer Sample the music varieties, the celebration of life, with both music and the amazing different Haitian cuisine dishes, and most importantly, interact with the people and experience the true culture of this country. Your original opinion of this country will be changed forever. Haiti is truly an undiscovered, misunderstood country. When Americans reach beyond the media portrayed sense of Haitian culture they will realize the reality of a strong, religious culture with people who value God, bring food, music, and dance into their daily lives. Haitians value and celebrate life and Americans might want to sample this way of living. References Laterriere, D. (n. d. ) Discover Culture Retrieved October 15, 2009 from website: http://www. discoverhaiti. com/culture. htm

Y2k Essays (2431 words) - Calendars, Software Bugs, COBOL, Hazards

Y2k Less than two years until the year 2000. Two seemingly small digits may turn January 1, 2000 from a worldwide celebration into a universal nightmare. With computers mistaking the year 2000 for 1900, virtually all businesses that use dates will be affected. Not only will the companies be affected, but they are paying millions upon millions of dollars in order for computers to recognize the difference between the years 2000 and 1900. The year 2000 computer bug is a huge problem that our world must face. In order to explain how to solve the millennium bug, it is a good idea to be informed about exactly what the year 2000 problem is. The year 2000 industry expert, Peter de Jager, described the problem quite well. We programmed computers to store the date in the following format: dd/mm/yy. This only allows 2 digits for the year. January 1, 2000 would be stored as 01/01/00. But the computer will interpret this as January 1, 1900- not 2000 (de Jager 1). The '19' is hard-coded into computer hardware and software. Since there are only 2 physical spaces for the year in this date format, after '99', the only logical choice is to reset the number to '00'. The year 2000 problem is unlike any other problem in modern history for several reasons. William Adams points out some of the most important ones. Time is running out- the Year 2000 is inevitable! The problem will occur simultaneously worldwide, time zones withstanding. It affects all languages and platforms, hardware & software. The demand for solutions will exceed the supply. Survivors will survive big, losers will lose big. There is no 'silver bullet' that is going to fix things (Adams 2). It is too big and too overwhelming even for [Bill Gates and] Microsoft (Widder 3). Separate, any one of these points makes Y2K, a common abbreviation for the year 2000 problem, an addition to the obstacle. Combined, they form what seems more like a hideous monster than an insignificant bug. The impact of Y2K on society is enormous, bringing the largest companies in the world to their knees, pleading for a fix at nearly any cost. The modern world has come to depend on information as much as it has on electricity and running water. Fixing the problem is difficult because there are [less than] two years left to correct 40 years of behavior (de Jager 1). Alan Greenspan has warned that being 99 percent ready isn't enough (Widder 2). Chief Economist Edward Yardeni has said that the chances for a worldwide recession to occur because of Y2K are at 40% (Widder 3). Senator Bob Benett (Republican, Utah) made a good analogy about the potential of the problem. In the 1970's, oil was the energy that ran our world economy. Today it runs on the energy of information. He later said, To cripple the technological flow of information throughout the world is to bring it to a virtual standstill (Widder 3). The potential of the problem in everyday life is alarming. Imagine making a loan payment in 1999 for a bill that is due in 2000. The company's computers could interpret the '00' as 1900 and you would then be charged with 99 years of late fees (Moffitt & Sandler 48). If the year 2000 problem isn't solved, there could be no air traffic, traffic lights, no lights in your company, companies could not produce goods, no goods delivered to the stores, stores could not send you bills, you could not send bills to anyone else. Business [could] come to a halt (de Jager 1). The costs of fixing Y2K are staggering. The Gartner Group estimates that costs per line of code to be between $1.50 and $2.00 (Conner 1). It is not uncommon for a single company to have 100,000,000 lines of code (de Jager 6). Capers Jones, an expert who has studied software costs for over ten years, estimates total worldwide costs to be $1,635,000,000,000 (One-trillion, 635 billion dollars) (Jones 58). To put this number into perspective, if five people were to spend $100 for every second of every day, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, it would take them about 100 years to finish the task! The

Created in Gods Image Essay Example

Created in Gods Image Essay Example Created in Gods Image Essay Created in Gods Image Essay Created In The Image of God Wendy Butz, RN, BSN THEO 532, September 13, 2011 Malone University I was raised attending Baptist churches and have listened to many ministers talk about â€Å"man† being created in God’s image. I know we are created in God’s image because the Bible (Barker, 1995) tells us this in Genesis 1:26 27, (26) â€Å"Then God said, ‘Let us make man in our image, in our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move along the ground. † (27) â€Å"God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. † Ultimately the question is what does being created in God’s image truly mean? Are we like God in many different aspects, or does it simply mean we have some physical resemblance to God? Until taking this class, I never really formed a belief of my own or had a good understanding of how we image or are like God. This paper will discuss my understanding of what it means for humans to be created in the image of God, and the implications this understanding has for me as a nurse and serving others. Created In God’s Image I believe that to be created in God’s image means that, like God, we are social beings with the ability to love. I know from scripture in the Bible that talks about the Trinity, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, that God is social. I agree with Hoekema (1986, p. 75) when he states that â€Å"man† should function in three relationships. The first, and most important relationship, is our relationship with God. The stronger our relationship with God, the more we devote ourselves to Him, the stronger our other relationships grow. The second relationship is one with our fellow â€Å"man†. Luke 10:27 says, â€Å"He answered: ‘Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength and will all you mind’, and ‘Love your neighbor as yourself. ’† The third relationship is that with and over nature. God gave â€Å"man† dominion over the earth just as God rules the heavens and the earth. I also believe that â€Å"man† has went through different stages of being like God since creation, and that man images God a little differently in each stage. In the beginning, when Adam and Eve were sinless they not only imaged God in their relationship with God, with each other, and with nature, but also with characteristics they possessed such as righteousness and holiness. After the â€Å"Fall†, â€Å"man† is still made in the image of God. He still possesses the ability to love, to be a social being and have relationships with God, fellow man, and nature. However, he is corrupted by sin and is no longer righteous and holy. Instead of having a relationship with God, sinning man disobeys God and even worships idols. Instead of loving his neighbor as himself, sinning man lies to, cheats, and even murders his fellow man. Instead of caring for and nurturing nature, sinning man exploits the earth. John 3:16 says, â€Å"For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. † God sent his son, Jesus Christ, the perfect image of God so that we may know Him and may be redeemed. There are many verses in the Bible that refer to Jesus Christ as being the exact representation of God (2 Corinthians 4:4, Hebrews 1:3, Colossians 1:15). Shelly Miller (2006, p. 78) point out and talk about Jesus as being a relational being. He was born into a human family and community yet scripture clearly describes his relationship with God, as the Son of God. There are many verses that show us the characteristics and virtues that Christ possessed like righteousness, holiness, and the greatest of these, love (1 Peter 1:16, John 13:34 35). We see Jesus’ love for God and his love for man. Hoekema (1986, p. 22) states, â€Å"If it is true that Christ perfectly images God, then the heart of the image of God must be love. For no man ever loved as Christ loved. † He loved us so much that he gave his life and died for us, so that we may have eternal life. Because of God’s grace, we have Jesus Christ as an example of how we are to live our lives. Jesus shows us that we should be praising and glorifying God in all things, and that our relationship with God, prayer and devotion, should come first. Jesus shows us that we should love every human being, putting them above ourselves, and humbly serving others. When we are imaging God, others should be able to see God’s love, kindness, and goodness in us (Hoekema, 1986, p. 7). While on this earth we will never perfectly image God, but we should seek to be Christ-like. God created the characteristics that make us unique. Christ-likeness is about developing our character and spiritual maturity. When the Holy Spirit lives inside us we have the power, love, faith and wisdom to transform our character and grow spiritually. I believe that it is on ly after our human body dies, and we enter heaven, that we once again image God as â€Å"man† did at creation. We are once again sinless. Serving Others I became a nurse because of my compassion for and my desire to help others. In Mark 10: 43 – 45, Jesus says, â€Å"Not so with you. Instead, whoever wants to become great among you must be your servant, and whoever wants to be first must be slave of all. For even the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many. † As a nurse it is my responsibility and my desire to serve other. I had never thought about it before but in doing so, in serving others as Christ did, I am imaging God. Nursing is unique, and different from medicine, in that it focuses on caring for the person as a whole: spiritual, psychological, social, and physical. Shelly Miller (2006, p. 16) are correct when they say that â€Å"the role of nursing grew out of a Christian understanding of the human person as created in the image of God and viewed the body as a living unity and the temple of the Holy Spirit. † If we only see people as isolated individuals and cannot see them in their wholeness, we as nurses cannot care for them adequately. I have always believed that each human being is created by and loved by God. We all possess the ability to love, and we are commanded to love our neighbors as ourselves. Some call it following the â€Å"Golden Rule† or doing unto others as you would have done unto you. Therefore, no matter what situation I am in with a patient, I try to see the image of God in them and I try to be the image of God for them. I love Shelly Miller’s (2006, p. 17 18) definition of Christian nursing, â€Å"a ministry of compassionate care for the whole person, in response to God’s grace toward a sinful world, which aims to foster optimum health (shalom) and bring comfort in suffering and death for anyone in need. Because of sin, it is sometimes hard for me to see others as being created in God’s image and or allow the image of God to be seen in me. But by the grace of God and the power of the Holy Spirit, I am able to transform my character and grow spiritually. The more I grow spiritually, the stronger my relationship with God, and the easier it is for me to see others through God’s eyes. I agree with Shelly Miller (2006, p. 77) whe n they said, â€Å"To be created in the image of God means that we must look to God for our meaning, purpose and direction. It also makes us thinking, feeling, willing, relational creatures who reflect these attributes of our Creator. In order to understand ourselves in any depth, we must first look to God to know what he intended us to be. † I believe I am on this earth because God has a plan for my life. I may not know exactly what it is, but I am here to fulfill his purpose. I pray that God’s will be done in my life. I know I can do all things through God who strengthens me. Hoekema (1986) states, â€Å"Through us God works out his purposes on this earth. In us people should be able to encounter God, to hear his word, and to experience his love. I pray that by trying to be Christ-like, that not only do my patients, but my family, co-workers, and anyone I meet, sees and experiences God’s love through me. Conclusion This paper has discussed my understanding of what it means to be created in God’s image. We are like God in that we have the ability to love. Our first love should be for God. We should then love others as ourselves. Like Hoekema (1986), I believe one way man images God is as a social being and functioning as part of three relationships, one with God, one with fellow man, and one with nature. I also believe there are stages that man went through since creation and that man images God a little differently in each stage. At creation man was holy and righteous, without sin. After the â€Å"Fall† man is corrupted by sin and is no longer righteous and holy. Then, through Jesus Christ, we are redeemed and with the Holy Spirit can seek spiritual maturity and Christ-likeness. In the end, we do not image God as we did in the beginning until we enter Heaven. This paper also discussed how being created in God’s image impacts how I serve others. I see, not only my patients, but all people as children of God. I believe he created each of us and loves each of us. As a nurse, I believe I am doing God’s will and fulfilling his purpose for my life. References Barker, K. (Ed. ). (1995). The Holy Bible, New International Version (10th ed. ). Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Hoekema, A. A. (1986). Created in Gods Image. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. Shelly, J. A. , Miller, A. B. (2006). Called to Care: A Christian Theology of Nursing (2nd ed. ). Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.

Drug Safety Evaluation and Pharmacovigilance Assignment

Drug Safety Evaluation and Pharmacovigilance - Assignment Example The systems that are used to assess post-marketing events include medical record databases or computerized claims, reports and pre marketing studies. Drug toxicity is frequently a major safety issue for an investigational new drug. This may occur as an unexpected reaction to a nontoxic drug or it may be an expected consequence of the intrinsic toxicity of a drug, taken in a sufficiently large dose (Berlin, 2008). It is the function of pharmaceutical research companies to take the path from understanding a disease to bringing a safe and effective treatment to patients. To ensure that collection of data is complete and to protect the safety of study participants, various processes are put in place during clinical trials (Meadows, 2006). The completeness of data is important in developing an understanding of the advantages and side effects of a new medicine (Meadows, 2006). With one or more solutions at hand, researchers turn their attention to testing them extensively to determine if they should move on to testing in humans. Efficacy and safety of investigational new drugs have an inherent deficiency in the inability to detect major, rare and adverse effects (Talbot, 2011). The limitations of these safety data for predicting post authorization safety profiles must be a consideration. These pre-marketing clinical trial limitations include lack of globally accepted gold standards for determining whether a signal on drug safety represents true risk. While the regulatory bodies have well established regulatory statutes, standards of ascertaining safety are heterogeneous (Edwards & Tilson, 2005). There is limited statistical power in determining the specific harm due to lack of statistical significance in the selected population. The selected patient group is small and excludes patients who are at a greater risk. There is limited generalizability since the study participants are carefully selected. There is a strict criterion of selecting whom to include

The Art of Business in the 21st Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Art of Business in the 21st Century - Essay Example Recognizing the value of information to the 21st century business, the paper recommends the use of ERP software for business. Every enterprise strives to be profitable and dominant in its industry, but it is only those firms that continually strive to understand their areas of operation through application of industry research and innovation that eventually register significant success. Michael Porter a professor at the Harvard Business School suggests a model that can enable business to understand the key drivers or factors, which can contribute to business success and competitive advantage. Porter’s value-chain model represents a framework that can enable a business analyze specific activities, which will create value and guarantee competitive advantage. First and foremost, the business has to analyze its inbound logistics and processes that include the processes of receiving goods and raw materials, storage and inventory control as well as transportation scheduling. The bus iness must aim at bringing efficiency and effectiveness by changing and improving inbound logistic processes. It therefore calls for innovation and creativity on the part of everybody within the organization. Inbound logistics represent one side of the coin, outbound logistics, which entails all the activities necessary to get the completed product to the clients, such as warehousing, order fulfillment, transportation and distribution management, must also be looked into. Streamlining inbound and outbound processes will guarantee efficiency. Another area that the business must seek to improve on a continually basis is its operations. This includes machining, packaging, assembly, equipment maintenance, testing and any other value-creating activities that seek to transform the inputs into the finished product (Porter 3). Customers need to be aware of the existing products that the firm produces. Therefore, marketing and sales department is an indispensable part any business that wants to be profitable. Sales and marketing entails all activities related with getting buyers to buy the product including pricing, channel selection, retail management advertising, selling and promotion. The business must also look into its service delivery. Service delivery involves all activities that aim at enhancing and maintaining a product's value. This also includes customer support, repair services, management of spare parts and upgrading. In addition to service delivery, the enterprise must streamline its procurement processes. These processes include the procurement of raw materials, servicing, spare parts, buildings and machines. A successful business also takes advantage of technology. Therefore, the business must be able to budget for technology development to support the value chain activities. Technology development initiatives may include research and development, process, automation as well as design and redesign. Lastly, the general management, legal, planning managem ent, finance, accounting, quality management, public affairs, which form the firm's infrastructure must be aligned in a way so as to provide for efficient business operation. Porter also continues to argue that a business is usually affected by a number of forces that will either act positively to ensure business success or if

Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Risk Management - Essay Example This proposal had been blocked by local bodies in the 90s, citing health hazards. To overcome strong resentment, the government was more than willing to develop partnerships with potential candidate sites. Geological disposal is a long-term waste management option involving the placement of radioactive waste in an engineered repository at between 200 and 1000 metres underground where rock structures provide a barrier against the escape of radioactivity. This process has been successful implemented in many countries in the west and the UK has also been a major beneficiary of this technique. However, there remains a core group in UK who find this hard to believe and have blocked moves by the government to implement it in many communities around UK. The UK has a history of failure of finding an acceptable site for the disposal of intermediate and high level radioactive waste (ILW and HLW). Limited space and local opposition are two factors that contribute to this problem. Under the circumstances, the largest volumes of waste are stored at the Sellafield site in West Cumbria, in addition to significant volumes of waste stored at the various nuclear power stations around the country. This is a temporary solution as, in addition to this waste, created through fifty years of nuclear operations, will be the waste produced by the decommissioning of the older generation of nuclear facilities. The current estimate of the total radioactive waste inventory after decommissioning is complete is around 238,400 m3 of ILW and 2,710 m3 of HLW. Higher activity waste from the nuclear, chemical, and biological industries, involved in military uses and academic research, is to be managed through long term geological disposal. This involves placing radioactive and other toxic wastes in facilities deep underground, where the rock structures will provide a barrier against radioactivity. The decision was in keeping with the recommendation of the Committee on Radioactive Waste Management (CoRWM) in July. Geological disposal was identified by CoRWM as being the option that would perform best in terms of security and protecting the public and the environment. In order to safeguard public interests, planning and development of geological disposal will be based on: 1. The Nuclear Decommissioning Authority with shoulder all responsibilities and accountabilities to address

Theres One In Every Group :: essays research papers

There's one in every Group As time passes many of us will experience an array of trials and tribulations. As we go on our many journeys though out life you’ll find that you have to be strong to make it though hard times. During Elaine’s adolescence’s she is abused physically and mentally by her peers, but later gains self-confidence. Many people may find the novel Cat’s Eye by Margaret Atwood to be very disturbing at certain times in the book. When we are first introduced to Elaine, we learn that she is a shy, young girl that doesn't have friends, all she had was her brother Stephen and her Parents. The war has just ended, and Elaine and her family have finally got a house to call there own. The only thing that Elaine is unhappy about is that she has no friends. But that would soon change. Elaine meets 3 girls from he neighborhood Grace, Cordelia, and Carol, and these are the three girls that would change Elaine's life forever. As the friendship between the 4 girls gets older, we begin to see a change. Cordelia slowly begins to take charge of the group, becoming the ringleader. " Don't do it like that or Cordelia will punish you" is the attitude that you begin to get. As time carries on in the book we see that Elaine is the one that is always getting singled out, the one that is always being picked on. The 4 girls decided to put on a play, Elaine plays the headless Mary Queen of Scots, Cordelia has been digging the hole for a while, and has collected boards to cover the hole with. "They pick me up by my the underarms and the feet and lower me in into the hole. They arrange the boards over the top. The daylight air disappears, and there's the sound of dirt hitting the boards†¦ Up above outside I can here their voices, and then I can't here them. I lie there wondering when it will be time to come out. Nothing happens. When I was put into the hole I new it was a game; now I know it is not one." Here were we see the Physical abuse, just one of the many harsh incidents that takes place in Elaine's Childhood. As time carries on in the book we notice that the relationship between the girls has changed a great deal.

Organisational Culture- analysis of Oticon Essay

INTRODUCTION Oticon, a Danish company founded in 1904 was the first company in the world to invent an instrument to help the hearing impaired. In the 1970’s, Oticon was the world’s number one manufacturer of the â€Å"behind the ear† hearing aids. During the 1970’s and 1980’s as the market for â€Å"in the ear† hearing aid grew, Oticon’s fortune suddenly declined and they lost money and market share. The main problem for all of this was that Oticon was a very traditional, departmentalized and slow-moving company. Even though Oticon had 15 sites and 95 distributorships around the world, Oticon was operating in a market dominated by Siemens, Phillips, Sony, 3M and Panasonic and most importantly, Oticon manufactured the â€Å"behind the ear† hearing aid but its customers preferred the â€Å"in the ear† product. Oticon also specialized in analogue technology whilst its customers were moving towards digital technology. In 1988, a new President of Oticon was appointed, Lars Kolind. With his appointment, he worked hard to turn the situation of Oticon around. Kolind implemented cost-cutting measures; he pared the company down, cut staff and increased efficiency, and reduced the price of a hearing aid by 20%. Nevertheless, this still did not achieve the results he wanted. He never gave up. He had been searching for a sustainable competitive advantage for Oticon. He wanted to create a new way of running a business. One that could be more creative, faster and cost effective and also compensate for technological excellence, capital and general resources which Oticon lacked. Kolind believed that Oticon could no longer compete with its technologically advanced competitors. By reinventing itself, Oticon showed that it could. Oticon drastically changed its organizational structure, ways of working and culture to let loose the human potential of the company. Kolind created a vision of a service-based organization and pursued it to gain a competitive edge. Employee involvement is crucial to successful change; especially in situations as Oticon’s that require attitudinal and cultural change. Planned and emergent perspectives stress that this is a slow, learning process. Rapid organizational transformations can only be successful if focus is on structural as well as cultural change. Kanter _et al_ emphasized that an organization’s structure can be changed relatively quickly through a ‘Bold Stroke’ but that cultural change can only be achieved by a ‘Long March’ requiring extensive participation over time. Oticon’s transformation was that of a rapid organizational change, which was based on the vision imposed on the company in a directive fashion by the CEO. This lead to the widespread change of attitudes and behaviours. Kolind’s vision was the reason for this rapid change in attitudes across Oticon. A more planned approach, facilitated by this change in attitudes was used to achieve this rapid structural change. This was then followed by a period of emergent change where staff had to develop and adjust to new ways of working with and behaving towards each other. Schmuck and Miles (1971) argue that the level of involvement required in a project is dependant on the impact of the change on people concerned. Building on earlier work by Harrison (1970), Huse (1980) developed this difference further. He categorized change interventions along with continuum based on the ‘depth of intervention, ranging from the ‘shallow level’ to the ‘deepest level’. The greater the depth of intervention, Huse argues, the more it becomes concerned with the psychological make-up and personality of the individual, and the greater the need for full involvement of individuals if they are to accept the changes. Therefore, linking levels of involvement to the types of change proposed is necessary. The key is that, the greater the effect on the individual, especially in terms of psychological constructs and values, the deeper the level of involvement required if successful behaviour change is to be achieved. The theory of cognitive dissonance of Burnes and James (1995) helps in seeking to understand and explain why major rapid attitudinal changes at Oticon were successful without a great deal of initial involvement. The theory of cognitive dissonance states that people want to behave in  accordance with their attitudes and usually will take corrective action to alleviate the dissonance and achieve balance. At Oticon, fundamental attitudinal change was achieved relatively quickly because management and employee recognized the need for change and saw why new vision is the only hope for the company’s survival. ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE, or CORPORATE CULTURE, comprises the attitudes, experiences, beliefs and values of an organization. It has been defined as â€Å"the specific collection of values and norms that are shared by people and groups in an organization and that control the way they interact with each other and with stakeholders outside the organization. An ORGANISATION’S CULTURE is affected by a number of factors including: The ENVIRONMENT in which the organisation operates. Internally, this is often conveyed by its physical layout which can, foe example, reflect warm friendliness or cold efficiency. The BELIEFS, VALUES AND NORMS of the employees within the organisation, particularly those communicated by top management. The formal and informal LEADERS who personify the organisation’s culture. The PROCEDURES that have to be followed and the behaviour expected of people within the organisation. The network of COMMUNICATIONS which disseminates the corporate image and culture. OTHER FACTORS could include the oeganisation’s size , history, ownership and technology. MODEL OF CHANGE- SEQUENCE OF EVENTS (SOURCE:MANAGEMENT. RICHARD L DAFT- 6TH ED.) Corporate culture is something that is very hard to change and employees need time to get used to the new way of organizing. Many people are not willing to change unless they perceive a problem or a crisis. For companies with a very strong and specific culture it will be even harder to change. Cummings & Worley (2005, p. 491 – 492) give the following six guidelines for cultural change, these changes are in line with the eight distinct stages mentioned by Kotter (1995, p. 2)3: Formulate a clear strategic vision In order to make a cultural change effective a clear vision of the firm’s new strategy, shared values and behaviours is needed. This vision provides the intention and direction for the culture change Display Top-management commitment It is very important to keep in mind that culture change must be managed from the top of the organization, as willingness to change of the senior management is an important indicator. The top of the organization should be very much in favour of the change in order to actually implement the change in the rest of the organization. De Caluwà © & Vermaak provide a framework with five different ways of thinking about change. Model culture change at the highest level In order to show that the management team is in favour of the change, the change has to be notable at first at this level. The behaviour of the management needs to symbolize the kinds of values and behaviours that should be realized in the rest of the company. It is important that the management shows the strengths of the current culture as well, it must be made clear that the current organizational does not need radical changes, but just a few adjustments. Modify the organization to support organizational change. The fourth step is to modify the organization to support organizational change. Select and socialize newcomers and terminate deviants A way to implement a culture is to connect it to organizational membership, people can be selected and terminate in terms of their fit with the new culture Develop ethical and legal sensitivity. Changes in culture can lead to tensions between organizational and individual interests, which can result in ethical and legal problems for practitioners. This is particularly relevant for changes in employee integrity, control, equitable treatment and job security. FORCES CAUSING AND RESISTING CHANGE WITHIN AN ORGANISATION (SOURCE: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO BUSINESS STUDIES- 3RD ED- BRUCE R JEWELL) NEED/ REASONS FOR CHANGE. In order to survive and prosper in a competitive and rapidly changing environment, organisations also need to change. This may be brought about by many influencing factors which may be internally within the organisation or in external environment of the organisation. EXTERNAL FORCES originate in all environmental sectors, including customers, competitors, technology, economic forces and the international arena. EXTERNAL INFLUENCES: POLITICAL factors including legislation or other government measures. Organisations are forced to change in order to meet, for example, health and safety, environmental or consumer protection requirements. ECONOMIC factors such as changes in levels of unemployment and interest rates which can have a major impact on demand. SOCIAL factors including changes in life styles and environmental issues which organisations must respond to if they are not to lose out to competitors. TECHNOLOGICAL progress such as word processing in the office or robots in the factory can change working materials, methods and practices and create the need for new skills. TRADE UNIONS can influence wage rates, working conditions and other aspects of industrial relations. COMPETITION and changes in consumer tastes and demand all impact on business organisations, making change necessary in order to respond. MEDIA reports which can influence consumers’ and employees’ perceptions of an organisation and its goods and services. INTERNAL FORCES for change arise from internal activities and decisions. If top managers select a goal of rapid company growth, internal actions will have to be made to meet that growth. New departments or technologies will be created. Demands by employees, labour unions and production inefficiencies all can generate a force to which management must respond with change. INTERNAL INFLUENCES: NEW PRODUCTS OR SERVICES which require change in order to introduce them. MANAGEMENT CHANGES, due perhaps to a merger, take over or the appointment of  new staff. This may affect the management style and culture of the organisation. QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEMS which are becoming increasingly important in organisations in order to meet changing customer expectations. PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY IMPROVEMENTS which often require change in systems or procedures in order to control or reduce costs and/or increase output. CUSTOMER SERVICE is now more crucial than ever for organisations in competitive markets because they can only survive and prosper if they satisfy customers. After the need for change has been perceived and communicated, change must be initiated. This is a crucial stage of change management- the stage where ideas that solve perceived needs are developed. Responses that an organisation can make are to search for or create a change to adopt. IMPLEMENTING CHANGE One frustration for managers is that employees often seem to resist change for no apparent reason. To effectively manage the implementation process, managers should be aware of the reasons for employee resistance and e prepared to use techniques for obtaining employee cooperation. Employees appear to resist change for several reasons and understanding them helps managers implement change more effectively. SELF-INTEREST. Employees typically resist a change they believe will take away something of value. A proposed change in job design, structure, or technology may lead to a real or perceived loss of power, prestige, pay or company benefits. The fear of personal loss is perhaps the biggest obstacle to organisational change. LACK OF UNDERSTANDING AND TRUST. Employees do not understand the intended purpose of a change or distrust the intentions behind it. UNCERTAINTY. Uncertainty is the lack of information about future events. It represents a fear of the unknown. Uncertainty is especially threatening for employees who have a low tolerance for change and fear the novel and unusual. They do not know how a change will affect them and worry about whether they will be able to meet the demands of a new procedure or technology. DIFFERENT ASSESSMENT AND GOALS. Another reason for resistance to change is that people who will be affected by innovation may assess the situation differently. Often critics voice legitimate disagreements over the proposed benefits of a change. Managers in each department pursue different goals, and an innovation may detract from performance and goal achievement for some departments. These reasons for resistance are legitimate in the eyes of the employees affected by the change. The best procedure for managers is not to ignore resistance but diagnose the reasons and design strategies to gain acceptance by users. Strategies for overcoming resistance to change typically involve two approaches: the analysis of resistance through force-field technique and the use of selective implementation tactics to overcome resistance.